What it is
E120, also known as cochineal or carmine, is a red colouring obtained by crushing dried cochineal scale insects. Roughly 70,000 insects produce one pound of dye.
Why it matters
Its use is widespread in confectionery, cosmetics (especially red lipsticks), yoghurts, juices, and some pharmaceuticals. The label may also list it as 'cochineal extract', 'carmine', or 'natural red 4'.
What to do
If you see E120, carmine, or cochineal on a label, the product is not vegan unless the company explicitly says they have switched to a synthetic alternative.